$B!!!!!!(B$B!!(B$B%a%G%#%"4k6H$N9q:];YG[$r9M$($k(B

$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B $B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B$BNk!!LZ!!M:!!2m(B$B!J!X%^%9!&%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s8&5f!Y(BNo.56$B9f7G:\!K(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B2000/7/15$B=$@52CI.(B

$B0l!!$O$8$a$K(B
$BFs!!J#9g4k6H$+$iB?9q@R4k6H2=$X$NJb$_(B
$B;0!!%a%G%#%"B?9q@R4k6H2=$N0lNc(B
$B;M!!9M!!;!(B
$B8^!!$*$o$j$K(B
$B;29MJ88%(B


$B0l!!$O$8$a$K(B

$B!!0l6e6e6eG/2F!"%P%$%"%3%`$N#C#B#SGc<}$d6d9T!"@8J]$NBg7?9gJ;$,l$K$b%I%$%D!"%U%i%s%9$,L\$@$C$?;2F~$r;O$a$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!(B
$B!!(B$B%P%$%"%3%`(B$B$N#C#B#SGc<}3[$O;0I4;M==8^2/%I%k!JLs;0C{H,@iH,I48^==2/1_!K$H%a%G%#%";K>e:GBg$G$"$j!"N> $B!!(B
$B!!$=$7$FJF9q:GBg$N?7J9%0%k!<%W!"(B$B%,%M%C%H$B$OA43[=P;q$N;R2qe$N?7J9!J<7I48^==K|It!K$rH/9T$7$F$$$k!#$^$?!"$=$NCOJ};f%0%k!<%W$N:GBg$B%H%j%K%F%#?7J9$B!J#3!K$,A49q;f%0%k!<%W$H$7$F$OBhFs0L$K$"$k%_%i! $B!!(B
$B!!9gJ;$N7A$G$O$"$k$,!".$,Bg$r0{$_9~$`7A$r$_$;$?!#1Q9q$G$O2a5n;0G/4V$K@i<7I4<7==;f$NH>J,$K$"$?$k6eI4;f0J>e$,>e0LFs==e$N?7J9$H;(;o$rGc<}$7!"Gc<};~E@$G;M@iO;I4K|$NH/9TIt?t$K$J$C$?$H$$$&!J%+%i%s!"0l6e6e8^!K!#(B
$B!!(B
$B!!0lJ}!"%I%$%D$N(B
$B%"%/%;%k!&%7%e%W%j%s%,!<$B!JK\ $B!!(B
$B!!0l6e6e6eG/$N4k6H$NGc<}9gJ;!J#M!u#A!K$N5p3[Gc<}%H%C%W!&%F%s$r$_$k$H!"$$$+$K#I#T!J>pJsDL?.;:6H!K$d%a%G%#%"$,F~$C$F$$$k$+J,$+$k(B
$B!JI=#1!K(B$B!#%P%0%G%#%-%"%s!J(BBagdikian,1997:xii$B!K$K$h$l$P!"JF9q$B%K%e!<%:!&%3!<%]%l!<%7%g%s(B$B!J%^!<%I%C%/!K!"%=%K!$B%7!<%0%i%`(B$B!J%7!<%0%i%`$O(B2000$BG/#67n%U%i%s%9$N%t%#%t%'%s%G%#$B!"%&%'%9%A%s%0%O%&%9!"%,%M%C%H!"#G#E!a$K;YG[$5$l$F$$$k$3$H$r;XE&$7$F$$$k!#%8%g%s%9%H%s!J(BJohnston,1999 $B!K$O%&%'%9%A%s%0%O%&%9!"%,%M%C%H$rF~$l$F$$$J$$!#$^$?%"%k%,!e0L$NFs%0%k!<%W$r0l0L%?%$$H$7$F!"%=%K!$B!JI=#2!K(B$B!# $B!!(B
$B!!$7$+$7!"$=$NB?$/$OJF9qFb$G$N5pBg2=$G$"$j!"JF7O;qK\$NB?9q@R4k6H2=$,5Z$\$91F6A$K$D$$$F$O#H!&%7%i!l$K>GE@$r$"$F$D$D!"%^%9!&%a%G%#%";:6H$NJ#9g4k6H2=!"B?9q@R2=!"9q:]2=$NLdBj$r9M;!$9$k!J#4!K!#(B

$BFs!!J#9g4k6H$+$iB?9q@R4k6H2=$X$NJb$_(B

$B!!(B
$B!!Fs!&0l!!?bD>E*7k9g$K$h$kJ#9g4k6H2=(B
$B!!%^%9!&%a%G%#%";:6H$NJ#9g4k6H2=!J(Bconglomeratization) $B!"B?9q@R4k6H2=!J(Bmultinational enterprise, world enterprise$B!K!"9q:]2=!J(Btrans-nationalization $B!K$O$$$^$K;O$^$C$?$3$H$G$O$J$$!#$=$&$O8F$P$l$J$/$H$b!"==6e@$5*8eH>$N;0BgDL?. $B!!Fs!;@$5*=iF,$N1Q9q$N%N!<%9%/%j%U$N4k6HGc<}!"@.D9$HB3$/%W%l%9!&%P%m%s!J%m!<%I!K$N3hLv!J#6!K!"JF9q$N%O!<%9%H!"#E!&#W!&%9%/%j%C%W%9$J$I$N?7J9%A%'!<%s!"%I%$%D$K$*$1$k?7J9$N%H%i%9%H2=798~$O!"9q:]E*$H$O8@$($J$$$^$G$b!"J#9g4k6H$H$7$F%^%9!&%a%G%#%";v6H;:6H$HF1MM@.D9$NCJ3,$G@8$8$k$3$H$G$"$k$3$H$rAa$/$b<($7$F$$$?!#$=$NB?$/$O?bD>E*$J7k9g$N%3%s%0%m%^%j%C%H2=$G$"$j!"F16HQIJ$N%a!<%+! $B!!%^%9!&%a%G%#%";:6H$NB?9q@R4k6H2=!"9q:];YG[$K;j$k$^$G$O$$$/$D$+$NCJ3,$r7P$F$$$k!#$^$:!"1&5-$K<($7$?$H$*$j!";f$rGc<}$7$?$j!"@=;f!"0u:~!"G[Aw2qE*$J4k6H$NGc<}$NCJ3,$G$"$k!#B3$$$F!"$=$l$O;T>l$K$*$1$k2I@j2=$r?J9T$5$;!">/?t$N4k6H$,;T>l$r%3%s%H%m!<%k$7$F$7$^$&$h$&$JCJ3,$KF~$k$G$"$m$&!J#7!K!#%F%l%SJ|Aw$NEP>l4|$K$*$$$F4{B8%a%G%#%"$N;2F~$H$$$C$?;vNc$O3F9q$K$*$$$F$_$i$l$k$,!"AO6H;~$K$*$1$k;qK\;22C$O$b$H$h$j!"?ME*GI8/!J=P8~!K!"4XO";v6He$NDj4>$dLs4>$K$_$i$l$k$@$1$G$O$J$$7A$G?J$`!#(B
$B!!Nc$($P!"1Q9q$NA49q;f;T>l$O0l6e;M<7G/$+$iH,6eG/$^$G$K;0$D$NI.F,%0%k!<%W$,;0J,$NFs0J>e$N%7%'%"$r!"$^$?F|MK;f;T>l$bH>J,0J>e$N%7%'%"$r@j$a$k$K;j$C$?!#%m!<%+%k$N%l%Y%k$G$bF1;~4|8^BgH/9Tl$b!"$3$N%A%'!<%s2=$K4,$-9~$^$l$?$N$G$"$k!J(BCurran & Seaton, 1997:77-81)$B!#(B

$BFs!&Fs!!!!?eJ?E}9g2=$K?J$`(B
$B!!9qFbE*$K?J$s$@F16HE*7k9g$,%a%G%#%"$NJ#9g4k6H2=$N;O$^$j$@$,!"0l6e<7!;G/Be$N%K%e!<%a%G%#%"!&%U%#!<%P!&Mh$+$i%3%s%0%m%^%j%C%H$G$O$"$C$?$,!K!"E4F;!&1?M"6H$J$I!"B?:L$J%]!<%H%U%)%j%*$,%a%G%#%";:6H$+$i%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s;:6H$X$NE>49$rGw$C$?$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!0l6eO;!;!"<7!;G/Be:"$+$i!"@h?J3F9q$G$b0[6H$P$G$"$k!#$^$?%H%`%=%sF1MM!"%+%J%@=P?H$N%3%s%i%C%I!&%V%i%C%/!J#8!K$,!X%G!<%j! $B!!;MH>@$5*$b7P$J$$$&$A$K!"%0%m!<%P%i%$%$NItLg$GLg$r6b$GGc<}e$+$i>C$($k$+!"Gc<}9gJ;$5$l$F$b$=$NNr;K$r;D$7B3$1$k$+!#7P1D $B!!0l6e<7!;G/Beh$j=P$7$?!#0lE>$7$F7P:Q9%67$NGH$K$N$C$?H,!;G/Be$K$O!"L>Lg!X%3%j%(%l!&%G%i!&%;%i!Y!J0lH,<7;0G/AO4)!K$rGc<}$7$?Bgl4KOB$NN.$l$rMh$N?7J9!&=PHG6H$r$N2$=#=t9q$h$j$R$HAa$/>&6HJ|Aw$,F3F~$5$l$?%$%?%j%"$G$O!"%Y%k%k%9%3!<%K$N$h$&$J?76=@*NO$,%a%G%#%"$N?bD>E}9g$KAv$C$?!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!"IqBf$O4{$KB?9q@R4k6H$N;~Be$K$O$$$j!"$3$H2$=#$K$b%"%a%j%+7OBg=0J82=$,1R@1%a%G%#%"$H$H$b$K2!$74s$;;O$a$F$$$?!#(B
$B!!%U%i%s%9$K$*$$$F$O!"#J!&%W%k!<%t%)!"#E!&%"%b%j$i5lMh$N@*NO$,?jB`$9$k$J$+$G!"@o8e$N%K%e!<%W%l!<%d!<$H$J$C$?$R$H$j$K%m%Y!<%k!&%(%k%5%s!J(BRobert Hersant,1920-86$B!K$,$$$k!#!V%Q%T%\!<%k!J;f?)$$!K!W$H8@$o$l$J$,$i$bCOJ};f$NGc<}$r?J$a!"<78^G/Gc<}3MF@$7$?9b5iA49q;f!X%U%#%,%m!Y!J0lH,8^;MG/AO4)!K$r3K$H$7$F!"%Q%j$N$re$2$?!#(B
$B!!$H$3$m$,!"H`$N@/<#NO$KIT0B$rJz$$$?%_%C%F%i%sl$N5,@)798~$,6/$^$k$J$+!"%(%k%5%s!&%0%k!<%W$O9q30$G$N;v6H3HBg!a9q:]2=O)@~$X@oN,$r%7%U%H$7$?$N$G$"$k!#!X%U%#%,%m!&%8%c%]%s!Y$KBeI=$5$l$k;(;o!"J|Aw%a%G%#%"$rCf?4$K@$3&;T>l$X$N?J=P$r;n$_$k!#(B
$B!!$3$&$7$F!"H,!;G/Be$N2$=#%a%G%#%";T>l$O!"J|AwJ,Ln$N5,@)4KOB!"1R@1J|Aw$N?J=P$H$$$C$?GX7J$b$"$j!"5lMh$NBgl$X$N3HD%$G$"$j!"F1;~$K?bD>E}9g$+$i?eJ?E}9g$X$H!"%a%G%#%"4V$NM;9g2=798~$K%F%$%/%*%U$9$k>u67$K$"$C$?!#(B
$B!!Nc$($P!"L>Lg$N=PHGBg$B%i%.%c%k%G%#!<%k$B$N0lItLg!JF1e9b$O%H%C%W$N%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s$KB3$/I4==;02/!&$@$,!"%a%G%#%"$+$i$O;0J,$N0l$N$?$a2$=#$G$OBh;M0L!K$H$J$C$?!#F1$J%0%m!<%j%"!K$+$i$J$k%a%G%#%"$H%O%$%F%/$r;v6H$N3K$H$7$F$$$k!#$J$+$G$b!"#H#F#M$O;M==H,%?%$%H%k$N;(;o$r9qFb$GH/9T$7$F$$$k$[$+!"9q30;0==Fs%+9q$G!X%(%k!Y!X%W%j%_%(!<%k!Y$J$II4;0==Fs%?%$%H%k$rH/9T$7$F$$$kB?9q@R4k6H$G$"$k!#:rG/$OF|K\$P$+$j$+1Q9q$K$b?(Lg%+%C%;%k=PHG $B!!$^$?2$=#;T>l$K$*$$$F6aG/?76=@*NO$H$7$FCmL\$rMa$S$F$$$k$N$,!"?eF;;v6H$J$I$N8x6&;v6HBN$,JlBN$G$"$k(B$B%S%V%'%s%G%#(B$B!J(BVivendi $B!!0lH,8^;0G/AO@_!"=>6H0wFs==O;K|?M!"Gd>e9b;0I4==<72/%f!<%m!#(B2000$BG/#67n!"%f%K%P!<%5%k1G2h$J$I$r$b$D%+%J%@$N%7!<%0%i%`$B@$3&Bh(B2$B0L$N%a%G%#%"4k6H$H$J$k(B)$B$G$"$k!#F1e$2$OFs3d$H7h$7$F9b$/$O$J$$$,=PHG!&%^%k%A%a%G%#%"4X78$r$[$\%"%P%9$+$i0z$-7Q$.!"M-NA#T#VJ|Aw$N%+%J%k!\!J2$=#;T>l$G==0l$+9q!"0l@iFsI4K|?M!"#B%9%+%$#B$NFs8^!s3t$rJ]M-!K$d%G%8%?%kJ|Aw!"DL?.;v6H$H$/$K0\F0EEOC(BCegetel $B$,;T>l$N;M!;!s$r@j$a$k!#%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s$KlBhFs0L$N%a%G%#%"4k6H$K0lLvMY$j$G$?!#:rG/<77n!"(B$B%=%U%H%P%s%/$B$HAH$_!"2$=#;T>l$X$NJF9q%$%s%?!<%M%C%H;v6H$NF3F~!"E83+$r;Y1g$9$k$?$a!w(BVisa S.A.S$B$rAON)$7$?!#(B
$B!!@$3&$G$O6e6eG/$N6e$+7n4V$GAm3[FsC{<7==6e2/%f!<%m$N#M!u#A$,$"$C$?$,!"$&$A;0O;!s$,2$=#;T>l$GH/@8$7$F$*$j!"A0G/EY$NFs0l!s$rBg$-$/>e2s$C$?$F$$$k!J(BChampion) $B!#(B
$B!!$3$&$7$F%a%G%#%"@h?J9q$K$*$$$F0[6HMh$=$NHOaF$K$"$C$?9qFb;T>l$N$_$P$+$j$G$J$/!"$h$j%0%m!<%P%k$JE83+$,2DG=$H$J$C$?$N$G$"$k!#<7!;G/Be$+$i$NN.DLItLg$G$N3WL?$,Bg$-$J0UL#9g$$$r$b$C$?$3$H$O8@$&$^$G$b$J$$!#%*%$%k%7%g%C%/$K$h$kJ*N.%3%9%H$N>e>:$KBP1~$9$k$?$a$K!">pJs%Q%C%1!<%82=$,?J$_!"%3%9%H:o8:$NJ}:v$H$7$F1R@1$r;H$&$3$H$KL\$rIU$1$?$+$i$@!##C#A#T#V$d8=CO0u:~$N9-$,$j$G$"$k!#$$$:$l$b9qFb$+$i9q:]E*$J@*NO$K?J=P$7$?!#(B
$B!!0lE>$7$F!V%a%G%#%"$OLY$+$k!W$H$$$&0U<1$,@8$^$l!"$h$j0lAX%(%s%?!<%F%$%a%s%H798~$KHf=E$,6/$^$j;O$a$k!#!V%^%/%Z!<%Q!l$,0lIt%+%J%@$N%a%G%#%"!&%b%,%k$r=|$1$P!"$[$\JF9q@)GF$G=*$o$C$?8e!"IqBf$O2$=#$K0\$C$?$N$@!#!!$7$+$7$J$,$i!"?7$7$$%a%G%#%"$NAO6H;~$K$*$$$F$O!"MM!9$J5,@)$K$h$j!"$"$kDxEY%a%G%#%";:6H$N2aEY$N=8Cf2=$rKI$$$@$K$7$F$b!"/?t$N
$B;0!!%a%G%#%"B?9q@R4k6H2=$N0lNc(B

$B!!;0!&0l!!(B$B%T%"%=%s!&%0%k!<%W(B
$B!!%0%m!<%P%k$J7P:Q;f$H$7$FCN$i$l$k!X%U%#%J%s%7%c%k!&%?%$%`%:!Y!J#F#T!"0lH,H,H,G/AO4)!"0l6e;M8^G/$K!X%U%#%J%7%c%k!&%K%e!<%:!Y$H9gJ;!#%m%s%I%s$[$+!"@$3&6e$+=j$G8=CO0u:~!"H/9T!K$r3K$H$9$k%T%"%=%s!&%0%k!<%W!J(BS.Pearson and Sons plc$B!K$,F1;f$rGc<}3MF@$7$?$N$O0l6e8^<7G/$N$3$H$G$"$k!J(B12$B!K!#(B
$B!!%T%"%=%s$O8^!;!"O;!;G/Be=54)!"3V=54);f;T>l$K%7%'%"$r?-$P$7!"<7!;G/Be=i$a$^$G$K@oA0$N;0G\6a$$6e==<7;f$r;12<$K$*$$$?!#$=$N@*$$$G=PHG;T>l$K;2F~$7!"O;H,G/Ev;~1Q9q:GBg$N=PHG $B!!H,!;G/BeH>$P0J9_$N%T%"%=%s!&%0%k!<%W$NF0$-$O(B$BI=#3(B$B$N$H$*$j$G$"$k$,!"#T#VJ|Aw!"=PHG%a%G%#%"$NGc<}!"Gd5Q$r7+$jJV$7$J$,$i!"%(%l%/%H%m%K%/%9;~Be$KBP1~$9$kF0$-$,$&$+$,$($k!#$J$+$G$b!"6eH,G/%P%$%"%3%`$+$i%5%$%b%s!u%7%c%9%?!<=PHGe9b0l2/Fs@iK|%]%s%I!K$r3MF@$7$?$N$O!#$3$3?tG/EE;R>& $B!!0l6e6eH,G/$NAmGd>e9b$OFs==;02/6e@i8^I4K|%]%s%I!"$&$A@.D9Cx$7$$650iItLg!J%T%"%"%=%s!&%(%G%e%1!<%7%g%J%k!K!"#F#T%0%k!<%W$,$H$b$K;03d!"KLJFCO0h$+$i$NGd$j>e$2$,8^3dH>J,0J>e$H$$$&$N$,FCD'$@!#(B

$B!!;0!&Fs!!(B$B%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s#A#G(B
$B!!%T%"%=%s$N@.D9$r!"3h;zG^BN$rCf?4$H$7$?E57?E*$J%a%G%#%"!&%3%s%0%m%^%j%C%H4k6H$N3HD%$H$_$l$P!"$+$?$d!":#F|F1$8%h!<%m%C%Q;T>l$G%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s!&%3%s%0%m%^%j%C%H4k6H$H$7$F!"%a%G%#%"!"%(%s%?!<%F%$%a%s%H!J%l%8%c!ItLg$NGc<}3MF@$K;q6b$r2s$7!"5pBg2=$9$k!J(Bdiversification $B!KNc$,%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s!&%0%k!<%W$@$m$&!#(B
$B!!%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s!&%0%k!<%W$NAO@_$O0lH,;08^G/!"%+!<%k!&%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s$,=!654X78$N0u:~$r;O$a$?$H$-$K^j$k!#H`$N5AM}$NB);R%h%O%M%9!&%b!<%s$,8e$r7Q$.!"8=:_$O%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s:bCD$,O;H,!&H,!s!"%b!<%s2H$,Fs!;!&8^!s!"%D%!%$%H:bCD$,0l!;!&<7!s$=$l$>$l=jM-$7$F$$$k!#%0%k!<%WAm<}F~$NO;3d0J>e$,%I%$%D9q30$+$i$H$$$&$N$b!"K\O@$G$H$j$"$2$kB&LL$r$"$i$o$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B!!%I%$%D$G$O:#@$5*=iF,!"%7%e!<%k!"%b%C%;!"%&%k%7%e%?%$%s$H$$$C$?%H%i%9%H$,?7J9$rCf?4$K=PMh>e$,$C$?$,!"Bh0l$B%&!<%U%!!<(B$B!J8=:_%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s!&%0%k!<%W$N;12 $B!!%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s!J(BBertelsmann AG$B!K$O@o8eD9$$4V%i%$%s%O%k%H!&%b!<%s$,;X4x$r$H$j!"=q@R=PHG!&%l%3!<%I!&%V%C%/%/%i%V$+$i%a%G%#%"3&$K;2F~!#8=:_$G$bAmGd>e$N;MJ,$N0l$O$3$NJ,Ln$+$i$"$,$C$F$$$k!#KLJFK\e$N=PHG $B!!$J$+$G$b;(;oH/9Te9b$O8^;0!&O;2/#D#M!J$3$N==G/$GFsG\!K$G!"$&$A%I%$%D9qFb$+$i;M;0!s!"KLJF$,;MJ,$N0l!";D$j;0Fs!s$,$=$NB>CO0h$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B!!%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s$O?7J9J,Ln$K$b?J=P$7!"!X%O%s%V%k%,!k%7%e%W%j%s%,!<$KD)@o$7$F$$$k!#%U%i%s%9$N;(;o;0Bg%0%k!<%W$N$R$H$D!"%W%j%:%^!&%W%l%C%;$b$3$N#G!\#J&6H6I$H$J$C$?!#$`$m$s$3$l$O%1!<%V%k!]1R@1!]%G%8%?%k$NN.$l$r0lK\2=$9$k>-Mh@-$rGc$C$?$b$N$@$m$&!#(B
$B!!%^%k%A%a%G%#%"$X$N@Q6KE*$J;Q@*$O:#8e$b@.D9$9$k5$G[$r<($9!#2$=#;T>l;2F~$rL\;X$9%"%a%j%+%s!&%*%s%i%$%s!J#A#O#L!"8^!;!s3t$rJ]M-!#(B2000$BG/%?%$%`%o!<%J!$B$7$?(B$B!K$dJF7O$N%P!<%s%:!u%N!<%V%k!JF1!K$J$I$r;12<$KCV$-!"#B#O#L!J%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s!&%*%s!&%i%$%s!K$O6H3&:GBg$N!V%I%C%H%3%`!&%G!<%(! $B!!=>6H0w8^K|<7@i?M$rJz$($k%Y%k%F%k%9%^%s$O%b!<%s2H$l$N;R2q/$J$+$lJ]l$OL@3N$K$7$F$$$J$$$N$bFCD'$N$R$H$D$@$m$&!#(B

$B;M!!9M!!;!(B

$B!!;M!&0l(B
$B!!%a%,!&%a%G%#%";~Be$r7^$($?:#F|$^$G$NH/E8$+$i!"!V%a%G%#%"!&%P%m%s!W!"!V%a%G%#%"!&%b%,%k!W!"!V%a%G%#%"!&%?%$%/!<%s!W(B(Coleridge,1993; Bourne,1990; Tunstall and M.Palmer, 1991)$B$H>N$5$l$??M!9$d4k6H$rD/$a$k$H!"l$7$?Bh0l4|!#$=$NH`$i$,@.D94|$K$O$$$j!"%K%e!<%W%l!<%d!<$H$H$b$KJQ3W$N;~Be$H$J$C$?BhFs4|!#$=$7$F%0%m!<%P%k$K%3%s%T%e!<%?5;=Q$,9-$^$j!"%^%9!&%a%G%#%"NN0h$b$=$NM;9g2=$NGH$K$5$i$5$l;O$a!"%*%s%i%$%s!&%b%,%k$i$,EP>l$9$k!"4|$K$^$?$,$kJ#?t$NFCD'$r$b$Dl!"5;=Q3W?7$H$$$C$? $B“!!!Bh0l4|!!4k!J5/!K6H2H$N;~Be!!AO=P$N;~Be!#8D?M$N%Q!<%=%J%j%F%#$,6/$/!"JT=8!"7P1D$K7/NW$7$?!#==6e@$5*Kv$+$iFs!;@$5*=iF,$N1Q9q!"JF9q$J$I!#?7J9!"=PHG%a%G%#%"$rAO4)$+!"$"$k$$$O4{B8%a%G%#%"$N#M!u#A!"%A%'!<%s2=$J$I!"E}9g$K$h$jDk9q$rC[$$$?!#5lBV$N?7J9N$5$l$k$3$H$b$"$k!#B>J}!"%;%s%;!<%7%g%J%j%:%`!"%$%(%m!<%8%c!<%J%j%:%`$r@8$_=P$7!"H/9TIt?t6%Ah$K$h$k;T>l86M}$rF3$$$?!#!!(B
$B“"!!BhFs4|!!%K%e!<%W%l!<%d!l$N;~Be!#BhFs$+$i!#%i%8%*!"%F%l%S$H$$$C$?!V%K%e!<%a%G%#%"!W$K7k9g$7!"@.D9$9$kBh0l@$Be7O$*$h$SH`$i$N0lB2!#J#9g4k6H2=$,?J$_!"%m!<%+%k$+$i%j!<%8%g%J%k$"$k$$$O%J%7%g%J%k$+$i%$%s%?!<%J%7%g%J%k$J$I!"COJ}!"CO0h$J$IMM!9$J%l%Y%k$G$N2I@j2=$r?J9T$5$;$k!#0lIt$O9qFb;T>l$+$i9q:];T>l$X$N?J=P$,$_$i$l$?!#(B
$B!!@h?J%a%G%#%"Bg9q$G$OMh$NFH6XK!$d30;qK!$N$[$+$K!"5,@)A&6Hl2rJ|$OMM!9$J%l%Y%k$G$N%a%G%#%"$NJ#9g4k6H2=!&B?9q@R4k6H2=$r?J$a$?!#(B
$B!!%/%i%&%s!&%W%j%s%9$J$I$H>N$5$l$k5l!"?7%a%G%#%"!&%b%,%k$,%K%e!<%W%l!<%d!<$H$7$FBfF,$7!"?76=@$Be@*NO$ODk9q$N0];}$H3HBg$r?J$a$k0lJ}!"J|Aw!&1GA|%a%G%#%"$r $B“#!!Bh;04|!!%*%s%i%$%s!&%b%,%k$N;~Be!!Fs!;@$5*Kv$+$i;O$^$j!"Bh0l@$Be7O$N=*_a4|$H$J$k!#BhFs@$Be7O$b3HBg$5$b$J$/$P>CLG4|$KF~$C$?!#8ee0L$r?)$&$3$H$b$"$k$,!";T>l$H$7$F$O>/?t$N $B!!B>J}!"#A#O#L$N%9%F%#!<%V!&%1!<%9$d#M#S#N$N%S%k!&%2%$%D$i$N$h$&$K%$%s%?!<%M%C%H;~Be$K@$3&Cf$rD%$j=d$i$5$l$?%M%C%H$H%a%G%#%"$NM;9g$r8+1[$7$?%5%$%P!e$KEP>l$7$?5/6H2H$,!"5lMh$N%a%G%#%";T>l$r%5%$%P!<>e$K
$B!!;M!&Fs(B
$B!!9qFb;T>l$N=8Cf!J(Bconcentration of ownership$B!K!"2I@j!J(Boligopoly)$B$r7P$F!"9q:];T>l$X$N?J=P!";YG[$rB3$1$kH`$i$K$O$$$/$D$+$N6&DL$9$k2aDx!"@oN,$,$_$i$l$k!#(B
$B!!%/%i%&%s!&%W%j%s%9E*$JB8:_$G$"$k%^!<%I%C%/$NNc$K$_$i$l$k$h$&$K!JA49q;f!X%8!&%*!<%9%H%i%j%"%s!Y$NAO4)$rJL$H$9$l$P!K!"%a%G%#%"$NAO6H$h$j$b4{B8$N;f!&;o!&6I$rGc<}3MF@$7!"$=$N@.8y$r85E}9g$K$h$k%0%k!<%W2=!"%A%'!<%s2=$G$O$"$C$?$,!"$=$l$i$N;qK\$G!" $B!!BhFs$K!"B>%a%G%#%";T>l$X$N;2F~$K@Q6KE*!#%K%e!<%a%G%#%"$X$NBP1~G=NO$,=@Fp$H$b8@$($h$&$,!"$^$@==J,$K7P1D;qK\$,=aBt$G$J$$CJ3,$K$*$$$F$O!"@.8y$r%P%C%/$K;qK\$N!V<+E> $B!!$7$+$7!"%*!<%k%I!&%?%$%W$+$i$N7Q>5C6KE*$G$"$C$?$N$KHf$Y!"Bh;0$K3W?7$9$3$H$KNO$rCm$0!#$=$N2aDx$G!V7P1D8"!W!VJT=88"!W!V8@O@$NB?MM@-!W$K$D$J$,$kLdBj$,FbItE*$KI,$:@8$8$k!#$+$D$F$N$h$&$J0lB2!&7l1o4X78N$9$k?M;v$dCxL>$J?MJ*$r!JHs>o6P!KLr0w$K $B!!Bh;M$O!"@.8y$9$l$PDk9q$N3HBg$K$D$J$,$k0lJ}!"Mx1W$N>e>:!J2<9_!K$K$+$+$o$i$:!" $B!!Bh8^$KAO6H%a%G%#%"$,@.8y$7$??76=%b%,%k$O!"%(%9%?%V%j%C%7%e$J%a%G%#%"$rGc<}$9$k$+!"AH$_$?$,$k!#$=$l$K$h$j$$$o$f$k!V8"0R$E$1!W$rK>$`$,!"7P1DE*$K@.8y$7$J$1$l$PGd5Q$9$k$3$H$r1^$o$J$$!#%a%G%#%"$X$N!VG.$$;W$$!W$O$J$/!"!V<+M3$J;T>l86M}$KG$$;$k!W!V>CHq $B!!BhO;$K!"$+$D$F$O!VNO!W$r$D$1$k$HH`$i$O@/<#@-$rH/4x$9$k$h$&$K$J$C$?$,!":#F|$G$O%^!<%I%C%/$H1Q9qNrBe@/8"$H$N4X78$KBeI=$5$l$k$h$&$K!"5pBg;:6H$O!V@/<#!W$HAH$`$3$H$K$h$j!";T>l$N3HBg!"@*NO3HBg$KAv$k!#$H$-$KL\@h$NMx1W0J>e$K!#$3$N@/<#@*NO!"$H$/$K>-Mh$N!VK!@)EY$N5,@)!W$r8+1[$7$F$N!"@/<#2H$H$j$o$1%H%C%W%l%Y%k$i$H%Q!<%=%J%k$J4X78!J $B!!$3$N4X78$O<+z$7=P$7$F$$$k$H$N8+J}$O!"$"$J$,$AE*$r30$7$F$O$$$J$$!#$^$?8+$($K$/$$GX7J$K6d9T!"Ej;q2qo$KGc<}3MF@$7$?4k6H!";q;:$rGd5Q$9$kMQ0U$,$"$k$+$i%I%i%^%F%$%C%/$JE83+$r9%$_!"<:GT$r62$l$J$$!#(B


$B8^!!$*$o$j$K(B

$B!!$=$l$^$G$KA4$/$J$+$C$?$o$1$G$b$J$$$N$K!"0l6e<7O;G/$N%^!<%I%C%/$K$h$k%F%l%SD+F|3t$NGc<}A{F0$O!"%^%9%3%_3&$N$_$J$i$:F|K\l$r2L$?$7$?H`$O0lIt$KCN$i$l$F$$$?$H$O$$$(!"$o$:$+0lG/$[$IF|K\$N2HDm$K$^$GF~$j9~$`$3$H$K$J$k$H$O!"$=$&B?$/$N?M$,M=8+$7$?$3$H$G$O$J$+$C$?$m$&!#(B
$B!!$=$l$,#T#V$H$$$&!":#F|2HDm$N$*Cc$N4V$G!"$+$D:G$b?M!9$,>pJsG^BN$H$7$FM-8zE*$H9M$($k%a%G%#%"$rIqBf$K$7$?$+$i$J$*$5$i%$%s%Q%/%H$,6/$+$C$?!#$3$N$r5s$2$J$,$i!"$$$D$N4V$K$d$i%^!<%I%C%/$N#F#O#X$K$=$N:B$r>y$jEO$7$F$$$k!#;~Be$O $B!!$$$:$l$K$7$F$b!"%^%9!&%a%G%#%"$N=8Cf2=$O8@O@$NB?MM@-$r69$a!"$R$$$F$O@>MNL1F#$i$,J,N`$7$?9q2H30$NO; $B!!2$=#$K8B$i$:!"$=$b$=$b9q:]EE5$DL?.O"9g!J#I#T#U!K$NH/B-$H$=$NNr;K!"$"$k$$$OFs!;@$5*=iF,%W%l%9$N9q:]2q5D$,IQHK$K3+$+$l$?$N$b$7$+$j$G$"$k!##G#I#I$H#E%3%^!<%9$K$*$\$l$k%"%a%j%+7P:Q$O!"%a%G%#%"!a%K%e!<%9$H8d3Z!a$,%-!<%;%0%a%s%H$K$J$C$F$7$^$C$?!#$=$l$b$^$?:#@$5*=iF,$K;O$^$k#T7?%U%)!<%I$N%*!<%H%a!<%7%g%s2=$HF1$8$G$O$J$$$@$m$&$+!#Fs$D$N#C!J(Bcocentration, consumption $B!K$O$^$9$^$9A}D9$9$k$G$"$m$&!#@$3&$O0l6e6eO;G/%F%l%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%sK!$r6-$K!"$=$NGH$,2CB.$5$l$?$N$G$O$J$$$+!#(B
$B!!%a%G%#%"$N=jM-e$NB?MM@-$h$j$b%a%G%#%"$NF1l86M}$X$N0B0W$JLU=>$N9T$//?t$N%^%k%A%W%k!&%a%G%#%"!&%*!<%J!<$,9%$`!VMx1W!W$KJt;E$9$k$h$&$JF1 $B!!$3$&$7$?LdBj$O9qFb$N5,@)$N$_$G2r7h=PMh$:!"9q:]5!4X$N5!G=E*Lr3d$K4|BT$9$k@<$b$"$,$C$F$$$k$,!"#W#T#O$J$I$NF0$-$r$_$F$b!"9q2H$NMx1W$rM%@h$9$k798~$,6/$/!"?7$?$J$k%J%7%g%J%j%:%`$r@8$`4m$&$5$b$"$k!#%0%m!<%P%k$K9-$,$k$H$7$F$b!":,K\E*$JLdBj$O0l8~$KJQ$o$i$J$$$N$+$bCN$l$J$$!#(B
$B!!0J>e!"%k%Q!<%H!&%^!<%I%C%/$NBfF,$r=R$Y$F$$$k$h$&$K$b;W$o$l$k$@$m$&!#;v$B@[O@!J0l6e6e6e!K(B$B$K$FH`$N%a%G%#%"@oN,$rH/I=$7$F$$$k$N$G!"$=$A$i$r;29M$K$7$F$$$?$@$-$?$$!#(B


$B!NCm!O(B
$B!J#1!KT"J]FA4]!X%^%9%3%_!!%S%C%0%P%s!Y!JLZK\=qE9!"0l6e6e6eG/!K!"H,!]Fs0lJG!#(B
$B!J#2!K$A$J$_$K!">>2e:GBg$NGc<}$H$$$o$l$?%?%$%`$N%o!<%J!$B!JI=#1;2>H(B$B!K(B
$B!J#3!KI48^==G/6a$/$NNr;K$r$b$DF1%0%k!<%W$O0l6e6eO;G/$=$l$^$G7/NW$7$F$$$?%H%`%=%s!&%j!<%8%g%J%k!&%K%e!<%9%Z!<%Q!<%:e9b0l2/O;@iK|%]%s%I$+$i0l5s$KFsG\$H$J$C$?!#M-NA!&L5Be;f$r4^$aH,I4;0==K|It$rH/9T$9$k!#%"%$%k%i%s%I$N?7J9$b=jM-$7$F$$$k!#$A$J$_$K0l6eH,H,G/$H6eH,G/$N1Q9qCOJ};f$NH/9T>e0L==cf B.McNair(1999). pp.15-16.
$B!J#4!K$$$/$D$+$N=|$/$H$$$:$l$b9q:];qK\$NGH$K$5$i$5$l$F$O$$$k$b$N$N!"3N$+$KJF9q7O$N%a%G%#%"$N2$=#!"%"%8%";T>l$X$N?J=P$O6e!;G/Be0J9_82Cx$G!"$H$/$K1R@1$r;H$C$?J|Aw$dHVAH$J$I%3%s%F%s%D$G$"$k$,!"?7J9!";(;oItLg$J$I$b@*NO$r?;F)$5$;$F$$$k!#K\;o!X%^%9!&%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s8&5f!YBh8^!;9f!J0l6e6e<7G/0l7n!K$G!"5WJ]@nDpFsO:!V%a%G%#%";:6HO@#3!!5;=Q!W!JO;;M!]<70lJG!K$,DL?.J,Ln!J%-%c%j%"!K$K$D$$$F?($l$F$$$k$N$G!"$3$3$G$O>JN,$9$k!#(B
$B!J#5!K>.;eCi8c!V%K%e!<%9$N?"L1CO;~Be!"0lH,<7!;!]0l6e;0;M!W!X%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s8&5f!YBh<79f!J0l6e<7;0G/!K!"Fs8^!]8^6eJG!#(B
$B!J#6!K%N!<%9%/%j%U!J(BAlfred C.W.Harmsworth, 1865-1922) $B$K$D$$$F$O(BR.Bourne(1990)$B$J$I$r;2>H!#(B
$B!J#7!K(BNixon, R.B.and Hahn, T.(1971) "Concentration of the Press Ownership: a Comparison of 32 Countries,"$B!!(BJournalism Quarterly, Vol.18, Spring 1971, pp.5-16.$B#R!&%K%/%=%s$i$ND4::$K$h$l$P!">e0L;MH!#!J#8!K#C!&%V%i%C%/$K$D$$$F$O!"@[9F!J0l6e6e;0!K;2>H!#(B
$B!J#9!K0l6eH,0lG/?7J9K!!J=PHG6H$N5,N'$*$h$S=PHGH!#(B cf. Euromedia Research Group(1997).
$B!J(B10$B!K0l6eH,O;G/!"%7%i%/J]u$rG'$a$k?7!&?7J9K!$,@)Dj$5$l!"7k2LE*$K%(%k%5%sDk9q$OB8B3$7$?!#(B
$B!J(B11$B!K%.%e%s%?!<0Q0w2qJs9p!J0l6eO;H,G/!K!#(B cf. Euromedia Research Group(1997)$B!"9>?,?J$[$+!J0l6eH,;0G/!K$J$I$r;2>H!#(B
$B!J(B12)$B%0%k!<%W$NAO6H $B!J(B13)$B%I%$%D$K$O$[$+$K%7%e%W%j%s%,!


$B!T;29MJ88%!U(B
$B@P:d1YCK!JJT!K!N0l6eH,H,(B]$B!X%^%9%a%G%#%";:6H$NE>49!Y!JM-He3UA*=q!K(B
$B9>?,?J$[$+!X%h!<%m%C%Q$N?7J9!Y>e!&2 $BBgC+7x;VO:!N0l6eH,8^(B]$B!V%_%C%F%i%s@/8"$N5,@)4KOB@/:v$H%U%i%s%9J|Aw3&$NJQMF!W!X#N#H#KJ|AwJ82=D4::8&5f=jG/Js!Y;0!;(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!N0l6eH,6e(B]$B!V%U%i%s%9J|Aw3&$NJQKF$H$=$N@)EYE*OHAH$_!W!XJ|Aw8&5f$HD4::!Y0l6eH,6eG/6e7n9f!";0!;!];MO;JG!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!N0l6e6e;M!O!V%$%?%j%"$NJ|Aw3&!!JQE>$NFs!;G/!W!X#N#H#KJ|AwJ82=D4::8&5f=jG/Js!Y;06e(B
$B#J!%%+%i%s!\%0%l%t%#%C%A!JJT!K!";yEgOB?M!\B $B#T!&%0%l!8}$[$+!JLu!K!N0l6e6e0l!O!X$5$i$P%U%j!<%H39!Y!J?7J9DL?.D4::2q!K(B
$B:dED!!=(!N0l6eH,0l!O!V1Q%?%$%`%:$H%*%V%6!<%P!$K8+$k!7JT=88"$NFHN)!7$NJ]>cA $B:dK\!!>!!JJTCx!K!N0l6e6e8^!O!X#B#B#C$ND)@o!Y!J#N#H#K=PHG!K(B
$B#W!&%7%g!<%/%m%9!"@gL>!JLu!K!X%^!<%I%C%/!Y!JJ8i:=U=)!K(B
$BNkLZGn?.!N0l6eH,;M!O!V?7J9K!0F$r7^$(7b$D%(%k%5%s?7J9%3%s%D%'%k%s!W!X?7J97P1D!YH,<79f!"8^;M!]8^H,JG(B
$BNkLZM:2m!N0l6eH,H,!O!V%^%9!&%a%G%#%"$N2I@j2=$HI=8=$N<+M3$NLdBj!W!X%*!<%9%H%i%j%"8&5f5*MW!Y(B($BDI $B!!!!!!!!!N0l6e6e!;!O!V%^%9!&%a%G%#%"4k6H$N=8Cf2=!W!X%=%U%#%"!YBh;06e4,Bh;09f(B
$B!!!!!!!!!N0l6e6e0l!O!V:.LBB3$/%*!<%9%H%i%j%"!&%a%G%#%"3&!Y!X?7J98&5f!Y;MH,8^9f!J0l6e6e0lG/==Fs7n9f!"8^H,!]O;;MJG!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!N0l6e6e;0!O!V%3%s%i%C%I!&%V%i%C%/!W!X?7J9DL?.D4::2qJs!YBh;0<7Fs9f!J0l6e6e;0G/==0l7n9f!K(B
$B!!!!!!!!!N0l6e6e6e!O!V#R!&%^!<%I%C%/$N%a%G%#%"@oN,!W!X3$30;v>p!YBh;M<74,6e9f!"(B
$B;0H,!]8^0lJG!#(B
$B#W!&%9%F%#!<%I!"@u0f!JLu!K!N0l6e6eH,!O!XM}A[$N?7J9!Y!J$_$9$:=qK $BBhH, $B!VFC=8!!%a%G%#%"2&$?$A$N;YG[!W!X?7J98&5f!YBh0l0l;09f!J0l6e6e!;G/!"!&9f!K(B
$B#J!&%H%`%j%s%=%s!"0$GH!JLu!K!N0l6e6eFs!O!XJ82=Dk9q $B#B!&#H!&%P%0%G%#%-%"%s!"F#C]6G!JLu!K!N0l6eH,8^!O!X%a%G%#%"$N;YG[ $B2VEDC#O:!N0l6e6eH,!O!V2$=#E}9g$K$_$k%a%G%#%"6u4V@/:v$H6u4VL7=b!WEhED8|$[$+!X>pJsl!Y!JEl5~Bg3X=PHG2q!K0l<78^!]0l6e<7JG!#(B
$BNS!!H~N$!N0l6e6eH,!O!V!X%?%V%m%$%I2=!YO@Ah$H%8%c!<%J%j%:%`!W!XAm9g%8%c!<%J%j%:%`8&5f!YBh0lO;<79f!J0l6e6eH,=)!K(B
$B9-@%1QI'!N0l6eH,;0!O!V?7J9K!$N@)Dj$H%$%?%j%"?7J93&$NF08~!W!X?7J98&5f!YBh;0H,0l9f!J0l6eH,;0G/;M7n9f!K!"O;O;!]O;6eJG!#(B
$B!!!!!!!!!N0l6eH,O;!O!X8=Be%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s@/:vO@!Y!J>pJs $B#H!&%U%l%G%j%C%/!"@nC>Gp $BKY!!5A> $B#A!&%^%F%i%k%H!N0l6e6e0l!O!XB?9q@R4k6H$H$7$F$NJ82=!YF|K\%(%G%#%?!<%9%/!<%k(B
$BLgF`D>O@ $B#M!&%j!<%W%^%s!":y0f!JLu!K!N0l6eH,6e!O!X#B#B#C2&9q$NJx2u!Y!JF|K\J|Aw6(=PHG6(2q!"86K\$O0l6eH,<7G/4)!K!#(B
$B#G!&%j%C%D%"!"@/2,!J4FLu!K!X%^%/%I%J%k%I2=$9$k $B%f%M%9%3%W%l%9!"F|K\?7J96(2q!JLu!K!N0l6e<7<7!O!X%h!<%m%C%Q$N%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s@/:v!Y!JF|K\?7J96(2q8&5f=j!"86K\$O0l6e6eO;G/4)!K!#(B

Alger, D. (1998) MEGA MEDIA. Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Bagdikian, Ben H.(1997) The Media Monopoly<Fifth Edition>. Boston, USA: Beacon Press.
Bourne,R. (1990) Loord of Fleet Street: The Harmsworth Dynasty.London: Unwin Hyman.
Brendon, P.(1982) The Life and Death of Press Baron. London: Secker & Warburg.
Champion, Remy le.(1999) The Restructuring of the European Audiovisual Industry.
Paper presented to World Communication Forum,18-19, November, Yokohama.
Coleridge, Nicholas.(1993) PAPER TIGERS. W.Heinemann.
Croteau, D. and Hoynes, W.(1999) Media Society <Second Edition>.
Cali.,USA: Pine Forge Press, 1999.
Curran,J.and Seaton, J.(1997) Power without Responsibility <Fifth Edition>. London: Routledge.
Euromedia Research Group. (1992) The Media in Western Europe: The Euromedia$B!!(BHandbook.London: Sage.
$B!!!!(B (1997) The Media in Western Europe: The Euromedia Handbook <Second Editon>. London: Sage.
Goldstein, T.(1998) "Conglomerates Does Big Mean Bad?,"Columbia Journalism Review,$B!!(BSep.-Oct.98, www://cjr.org/year/98/5/goldstein.asp/
Hachten, William A. (1992) The World News Prism<Third Edition>.Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
Hamelink, Cees J.(1994) The Politics of World Communication. London: Sage.
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B (1994) Trend in World Communication. Penag, Malaysia: Southbound.
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B (1995) World Communication. London: Zed Books.
Humphreys, Peter J.(1990) Media and Media Policy in Western Germany: The Press and Broadcasting since 1945. NY: Berg Publication..
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B (1996) Mass Media and media policy in Western Europe.Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
Jenkins, S. (1986).The Market for Glory. London: faber and faber.
Johnston, Carla Brooks.(1999) Restrucutring Media Industry in Global Convergence Age and Its Policy Designs.Paper presented to World Communication Forum, 18-19, November, Yokohama.
Kuhn,Raymond. (1995) The Media in France. Routledge.
Lohmeyer, Henno.(1992) Springer: Ein deutsches Imerium.Berlin: edition q.
McNair, B.(1999) News and Journalism in the UK <Third ed.>. London: Routledge.
Merril,J.C.,ed.(1993) Global Journalism: Survey of International Comunication <Third Edition>. NY:Longmann.
Murdock, Graham.(1982) "Large Corporations and the control of the communications
industries," in M.Gurevitch, T.Benett and others, ed. CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND THE MEDIA.London:Methuen.
Negrine, R.(1994) Politics and the Mass Media <second ed.>$B!!(BRoutledge.
Pilati, A.,ed.(1993) Mind Media Industry in Europe. Milan: MIND Institute of Media Economics.
Schiller, Herbert I.(1969) Mass Communications and American Empire. NY: Augustus M. NY.
Stokes, J. & Reading, A.,ed.(1999) The Media in Britain. Macmillan Press.
Tunstall, J.(1977) Media are American. London: Constable.
Tunstall, J.(1996) NEWSPAPER POWER: The New National Press in Britain. Oxford Univerity Press.
Tunstall, J and Palmer, M.(1991) MEDIA MOGULS. London: Routledge.
Vogel, Harold (1990) Entertainment Industry Economics <Secondo Edition>. Cambridge Uniersity Press.
Wolf, Michael J.(1999) The Entertainment Economy. NY: Times Books.

$B!T;29M#U#R#L!U(B
$B!!(Bhttp://www.cnnfn.com$B!!(B<CNN>
$B!!(Bhttp://www.cjr.org/owners/ <who owns what, Columbia Journalism Review>
$B!!(Bhttp://www.ft.com<Finacial Times>
$B!!(Bhttp://www.freedomforum.org
$B!!(Bhttp://www.reed-elsevier.com
$B!!(Bhttp://www.lesechos.fr
$B!!(Bhttp://www.wan-press.org$B!!!c@$3&?7J96(2q!d(B